[PnP] 1.04

[Choinski, Burton]

We had a power failure, and while the name servers come up I was going over
my old gaming files.  I found this in my packrat horde of notes.  Original
site is lost to Antiquity, but the data is from historical sources.

boats & ships

    * Metric conversion: short tons to metric tons:

1 metric ton = 2204.6 pounds
1 metric ton = 1000 kilograms
1 metric ton = 1.1023 short tons
1 metric ton = 0.98421 long tons
1 short ton = 2000 pounds
1 short ton = 907.2 kilograms
1 short ton = 0.9072 metric tons
1 short ton = 0.8929 long tons
1 long ton = 2240 pounds
1 long ton = 1016 kilograms
1 long ton = 1.016 metric tons
1 long ton = 1.12 short tons

Conversion Factors 
Multiply     By 		To Obtain
------------------------------------------
Tons, short	0.9072		Metric tons
Tons, long	1.01605		Metric tons
Gallons		3.78543		Liters
Bushels		0.0352		Cubic meters
Cubic Yards	0.765		Cubic meters 

      Src: Navigation Data Center, The US Army Corps of Engineers. 2000.
Metric Conversion. http://www.wrsc.usace.army.mil/ndc/metric.htm.
    * "'Ton' as used in the Tariff has reference to a short ton of 2,000
lbs. All cargo will be subject to weight or measurement, whichever results
in higher charges, with a measure ton consisting of 40 cubic feet." Src:
Port Manatee. ?1999. Terminal Tariff No. 3: Rates, Rules And Regulations
Governing Port Manatee. http://www.portmanatee.com/TariffC.html

      Therefore, in the notes below
      I assume the following correspondence of volumes: 1 ton burden (a term
used by Lionel Casson) = 1 freight ton = 1 shipping ton = 1 measure ton = 40
cubic feet

      and I assume the following volume / weight correspondence: 1 ton
burden (measure of volume) = 1 short ton (measure of weight) = 2000 pounds =
0.9072 metric ton
    * A man paddling in a dug-out canoe (in Africa) can transport an
approximately 180 lb [81kg -tmc] load 40-50 miles a day [64-80 km - tmc]
while travelling downstream, and 25-35 miles a day [40-56 km - tmc] when
travelling against the river's current (Harms 1981:48-49, cited in Oliver
2000:158)
    * Greece, Classical - "Vessels of 100 to 150 tons burden [90-135 metric
tons - tmc] were common, and the biggest could hold as much as 400." (Casson
1984:25)
    * "The largest merchant ships of the fifth century B.C. could transport
10,000 talents [approx. 262 metric tons - tmc]." (Engels 1978:26)
    * At the times of Alexander the Great "The average merchant ship could
carry 140 tons [126 metric tons - tmc]." (Engels 1978:112)
    * Rome, 1st c. CE - "Ships, up to 1000 tons [tons burden - tmc], might
carry some 600 persons, but ordinary freighters were probably only about 200
tons or less." (Scullard 1970:343)
    * Venice, 1500 CE. - The city needed only 30-40 ships for her
inter-regional trade. "The average size was about 250 tons burden [225
metric tons - tmc], the largest was not over 440 [396 metric tons - tmc]."
(Lane 1934:107 cited in Casson 1984:93)
    * Meditteranean, 13th c. there were "Venetian galleys, as well as round
ships carrying 100 to 250 tons [90-225 metric tons - tmc] of cargo." (Curtin
1984:120)
    * Persian Gulf, 13th c. "The dhows that sailed the Indian Ocean carried
100-400 tons [90-360 metric tons - tmc] of cargo. A large one could carry up
to seventy war horses and a hundred fighting men along with other crew and
passengers." (Curtin 1984:120)
    * Europe, 16th c. - "The average for western craft in the 16th century
was probably no more than 75 [tons burden] [67.5 metric tons - tmc]."
(Casson 1984:25)
    * Europe, mid-17th c. - In Gdansk, in 1641, 964 [55%] of 1,741 ships
which visited the city had a capacity of less then 50 lasts (about 115
metric tons); 674 [39%] had a capacity 50-150 lasts (115-345 metric tons);
103 [6%] of them carried over 150 lasts (345 metric tons and more) (Davies
1982:260).
    * In the 1660s the Siamese ships trading between Bangkok and Canton had
around 300 metric tons capacity (Curtin 1984:170)
    * In the mid-18th c., on a river route from Tsaritsyn (mod. Volgograd,
former Stalingrad) to Astrakhan "goods were put on river boats capable of
hauling about 45 tons [40 metric tons - tmc] with a crew of fifteen to
twenty." (Curtin 1984:191)
    * Europe, late-18th c. - In Poland, in 1796, the following river-craft
was in use (Davies 1982:265).

Name			Crew   Max Grain Cargo  
in metric tons*
---------------------------------------------------------------
Szkuta (Raft)		20     	  96.4
Dubas (Barge)		14     	  67.7
Byk (Flatboat)		12        50.7
Lyzwa (Pontoon)		10        50.7
Koza (small Raft)	10        42.3
Galar (Lighter)		 8        33.8
Berlinka (skiff)	 6        25.4
---------------------------------------------------------------
* calculated from Polish bushels (1 korzec = 114 litres of rye or, roughly
84.6 kg)
Src:  (Davies 1982:265).


    * boats and ships
          o boat [unspecified propulsion: rowing? sailing?]: 6.0 km/hr
(Smits 1999)
          o Greece, Classical. - "Ships... were underrigged.., and hence
slow (their best speed with a favouring wind was no more than six knots [10
km/hr]." (Casson 1984:25)
          o Roman, Imperial. - "Ancient ships could make between 4 and 6
knots [7.4 km - 11.1 km/hr] with a fair wind and thus log roughly 50
nautical miles [92.6 km] during a day's run." (Casson 1984:194)
          o Crusaders travelling in April 1096 from Brindisi, Italy "after a
rough voyage of four days landed at Dyrrhachium [Epir - tmc]." (Runciman
1978a:168) []
          o In 1615, a sailship "on the direct run [...] with a fair wind
[could cover] the 850 sea miles [1574.2 km - tmc] to Amsterdam [...] in a
week." (Davies 1982:260). [average speed 121.4 nautical miles/day, about 5
n.miles/hr; 225 km/day or 9.4 km/hr - tmc]
          o In Summer 1704 Marlborough planned to move his army from Coblenz
to Bedburg by barges floating down the R. Rhine at the rate of 80 miles per
day [128.7 km/day tmc] (Chandler 1996:43). 


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